a 


i  - 


& 

,,  *> 


,xc\%' 


.H 


Clark  University, 


WOECESTEE,  MASS. 


Opening    Exercises. 


Oct.  2,  1889. 


TRUSTEES. 

President,         -  -  -  JONAS    G.  CLARK. 

(  Charles  Devens. 

Vice-Presidents,  -  i     GEORGE  F.  HOAR. 

(  William  W.  Rice. 

'Secretary,         -  -  -  FftANK  P.  GOULDING. 

EULL,    BOARD    OF"    TRUSTEES. 

Jonas  G.  Clark. 
Stephen  Salisbury.  John  D.  Washburn. 

Charles  Devens,  Frank  P.  Goulding. 

George  F.   Hoar.  George  Swan. 

William  W.  Rice.        Edward  Cowles,   M.  D. 

COMMITTEES. 
FINANCE.  BUILDINGS. 

Jonas  G.  Clark.  Jonas  G.  Clark. 

Step^a^SgjIisbury.  John  D.  Washburn. 

Stephen  Salisbury. 

BY-LAWS 

Jonas  G.  Clark. 
William  W.  Rice. 
John  D.  Washburn. 
Stephen  Salisbury. 
George  Swan. 

James  P.  Hamilton,  -  Cashier. 


CLARK 


i     C    Li ■ »     Ul     '     - 

CCT  a    1930 

CF  ILL 


OPENING   EXERCISES. 


In  accordance  with  a  vote  of  the  Trustees,  the 
dedicatory  and  opening  exercises  of  Clark  University 
were  held  on  Wednesday,  October  2d,  at  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  in  the  large  hall  of  the  University. 
The  Trustees  had  invited 

The  City  Officials, 

Clergymen  of  all  Denominations, 

Members  of  the  Press,  Bar  and  Medical  Profes- 
sions, 

All  Connected  with  Educational  Institutions, 

All  Friends  of  the  University. 

An  audience  of  fifteen  hundred  filled /Lthe  avail- 
able standing  room  and  many  could  not  gain  entrance 
to  the  hall.  Seats  were  provided  upon  the  platform 
for  the  trustees  and  instructors. 

General  Charles   Devens  presided,  and  on  taking 

the  chair  spoke  as  follows  : 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen  : 

On  behalf  of  the  Founder  and  of  the  Corporate 
Board  of  Trustees  into  whose  hands  he  has  confided 


his  munificent  gift,  I  cordially  welcome  all  present  to 
the  simple  ceremony  by  which  we  propose  to  mark 
the  commencement  of  the  work  of  this  university.  I 
especially  welcome  the  Mayor  of  the  city,  the  principals 
of  its  educational  and  literary  institutions  and  their 
associates,  the  clergy  and  all  those  whom  we  have 
invited  to  meet  us  on  this  interesting«occasion.  While 
we  have  not ,  extended  our  invitations  outside  of  the 
limits  of  the  city  to  many  friends  of  science  and 
education  whose  appreciation  and  encouragement  we 
highly  value,  it  is  because  our  present  state  of 
preparation,  although  sufficient  to  justify  us  in  com- 
mencing the  work  in  those  departments  of  science 
which  we  have  announced  for  instruction,  is  less 
complete  than  we  could  desire,  although  in  matters  of 
detail  rather  than  in  those  of  substance.  Whether 
there  shall  be  at  some  later  period  a  more  formal 
opening  or  dedication,  will  be  a  matter  hereafter 
to  be  considered. 

Two  years  since,  in  this  month  of  October,  we 
assembled  to  lay  the  corner-stone  of  the  edifice  in 
which  we  are  gathered  to-day.  While  most  of  us  have 
been  permitted  again  to  unite  to-day,  it  is  impossible 
to  forget  that  of  the  original  Board  of  Trustees  then 
present,  one  of  the  number  has  passed  away,  and  I 
linger  for  a  moment  to  recall  a  gentleman  so  modest,  so 
learned,  so  wise,  that  he  inspired  alike  love  and  respect 
among  all  classes  and  conditions  of  men ;  a  scholar, 
who  in  the  toils  of  an  arduous  profession,  never  forgot 
his  love  of  learning,  a  physician  justly  reckoned  in  this 
Commonwealth  among  its  masters  of  medical  science, 
and  yet,  broad  and  generous  as  even  the  boundaries 
of  that  science,  who  never  limited  his  knowledge  or 
his  studies  to  it.     I  need  not  in  this  presence  say  that 


I  allude  to  the  late  Dr.  Joseph  Sargent.  His  loss  was 
a  public  one,  to  the  community  in  which  he  dwelt,  to 
the  State  of  which  he  was  a  citizen,  to  the  charitable 
and  educational  institutions  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected, in  which  we  as  his  associates  were  compelled 
to  bear  our  share. 

The  edifice  of  which  we  then  laid  the  corner-stone 
and  the  laboratory  which  supplements  it  are  completed 
and  furnished — intended  for  the  purposes  of  investiga- 
tion and  instruction,  its  library  halls  and  rooms  for 
recitations  will  be  seen  to  be  commodious  and 
convenient.  The  solidity  and  thoroughness  which 
characterizes  these  external  structures  will,  we  hope,  in 
a  greater  degree  mark  the  education  offered  and  the 
studies  pursued  here. 

It  has  been  determined  after  full  discussion  to 
commence  our  courses  of  instruction  in  five  different 
departments  of  science  only,  instead  of  at  once 
undertaking  all  those  with  which  we  hope  and  con- 
fidently expect  hereafter  to  deal,  and  to  proceed 
further  only  as  we  shall  be  satisfied  that  we  have 
reached,  in  what  we  have  undertaken,  the  fullest 
proficiency. 

For  these  departments  an  ample  corps  of  professors 
and  instructors  (whose  competency  we  cannot  doubt) 
has  been  provided,  whom  I  cordially  welcome  on 
behalf  of  the  Founder  and  Trustees,  and  whom  I  know 
will  also  be  welcomed  by  the  scholars  and  educators 
and  by  all  the  citizens  of  this  prosperous  and  hospitable 
city.  In  apportioning  their  labors  we  have  sought 
that  they  should  not  be  so  incumbered  by  the  work  of 
the  immediate  instruction  of  pupils  that  they  shall 
in  any  important  degree  be  deprived  of  the  opportunity 
of  pursuing  themselves  those   scientific  investigations 


4 


which  the   whole  community  may  properly  look  for 
and  expect  from  a  university. 

Some  time  since  we  invited  Prof.  G.  Stanley  Hall,  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  to  aid  us  in  the  organization 
and  preparation  of  our.  University  and  to  become  its 
first  President.  It  might  be  indelicate  in  his  presence 
to  say  how  warmly  our  choice  has  been  approved  by 
most  eminent  scholars  and  scientists,  perhaps  even  ta 
say  how  much  we  feel  that  we  have  cause  to  felicitate 
ourselves  that  we  have  been  able  to  secure  his  ser- 
vices, but  it  is  not  indelicate  to  assure  him,  as  we  reach 
this  important  era,  on  behalf  of  the  Founder  and  the 
Trustees,  of  the  respect  and  esteem  in  which,  after  an 
intercourse  of  more  than  a  year  and  a  half,  we  hold 
him,  and  of  our  entire  confidence  in  his  judgment 
and  ability. 

President  Hall  will  in  his  address  say  something  of 
his  scheme  for  the  University  and  the  place  which  he 
shall  desire  to  have  it  fill  among  the  educational 
institutions  of  the  country. 

The  moment  of  commencing  a  great  enterprise,  if 
one  of  hope,  is  one  of  anxiety  also.  Of  those  to 
whom  much  is  given  much  is  rightfully  required.  We 
have  received  from  the  Founder  of  the  University  a 
most  generous  gift,  the  good  effect  of  which,  if  wisely 
used,  will  be  felt  long  after  the  grass  grows  green  above 
each  one  of  us.  It  has  been  supplemented  by  those 
provisions  made  by  himself  and  his  estimable  and 
honored  wife,  which,  by  means  of  fellowships,  open 
the  gates  of  the  University  to  those  of  narrow  means. 
In  all  that  has  been  done  it  has  been  the  wish  of  the 
Trustees  to  keep  themselves  in  communication  with 
the  best  thought,  the  noblest  feeling,  the  highest  aspi- 
rations  of  the  age  in  which  we  live.     Nor   can  we 


speak  words  to-day  more  appropriate  than  those  used 
by  the  Founder  at  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone, 
worthy  as  they  are,  to  be  renewed  again  and  again  at 
every  advancing  step  of  the  University, — "We  there- 
fore here  and  now  dedicate  this  university  to  science, 
letters,  art  and  human  progress ;  and  may  the  giver 
of  all  good  crown  its  efforts  and  labors  with  his  con- 
stant and  abundant  blessing." 


At  the  close  of  his  remarks,  Judge  Devens  called 
upon  the  Reverend  Calvin  Stebbins  to  offer  prayer. 


Mr.  Jonas  G.  Clark,  the  Founder  of  the  University, 
then  made  the  following  address  : 

The  occasion  which  calls  us  together  to-day  marks 
a  decided  as  well  as  an  original  step  in  our  undertak- 
ing. Scarcely  more  than  thirty  months  ago  we  form- 
ally entered  upon  our  work  by  accepting  the  charter 
granted  by  the  Legislature  of  the  Commonwealth,  and 
by  completing  our  organization  under  its  several 
provisions.  During  this  time  we  have  made  perhaps 
as  rapid  progress  as  could  reasonably  have  been 
expected  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  greatness 
ot  the  work  and  the  almost  infinite  variety  of  detail 
involved  in  its  execution. 

In  the  progress  of  our  labors  we  have  met  with  as 
few  obstacles  as  could  have  been  anticitipated,  and  we 
present  to-day,  as  the  result  of  those  labors,  the  main 
building  of  the  University  fully  completed  and 
ready  for  occupancy,  and  a  building   for   a   Labora- 


6 


tory  far  enough  advanced  to  answer  all  our  present 
requirements.  Both  buildings  are  receiving  the  nec- 
essary equipments  and  furniture  to  render  them  avail- 
able for  practical  use. 

In  our  announcement  of  May  23rd,  we  proposed 
to  open  on  October  2nd  for  the  commencement 
of  actual  work.  For  this  purpose  we  are  now 
here  assembled.  When  we  first  entered  upon  our 
work  it  was  with  a  well  defined  plan  and  purpose,  in 
which  plan  and  purpose  we  have  steadily  persevered, 
turning  neither  to  the  right  nor  to  the  left.  We  have 
wrought  upon  no  vague  conceptions  nor  suffered 
ourselves  to  be  borne  upon  the  fluctuating  and  unstable 
current  of  public  opinion  or  public  suggestions.  We 
started  upon  our  career  with  the  determinate  view  of 
giving  to  the  public  all  the  benefits  and  advantages  of 
a  university,  comprehending  full  well  what  that  implies, 
and  feeling  the  full  force  of  the  general  understanding 
that  a  university  must,  to  a  large  degree,  be  a  creation 
of  time  and  experience.  We  have,  however,  boldly 
assumed  as  the  foundation  of  our  institution  the 
principles,  the  tests  and  the  responsibilities  of  univer- 
sities as  they  are  everywhere  recognized — but  without 
making  any  claim  for  the  prestige  or  flavor  which  age 
imparts  to  all  things.  It  has  therefore  been  our 
purpose  to  lay  our  foundation  broad  and  strong  and 
deep.  In  this  we  must  necessarily  lack  the  simple 
element  of  years.  We  have  what  we  believe  to  be 
more  valuable — the  vast  storehouse  of  the  knowledge 
and  learning  which  have  been  accumulating  for  the 
centuries  that  have  gone  before  us,  availing  ourselves 
of  the  privilege  of  drawing  from  this  source,  open  to 
all  alike.  We  propose  to  go  on  to  further  and  higher 
achievements.     We  propose  to  put  into  the  hands  of 


those  who  are  members  of  the  University,  engaged  in 
its  several  departments,  every  facility  which  money 
can  command — to  the  extent  of  our  ability — in  the 
way  of  apparatus  and  appliances  that  can  in  any  way 
promote  our  object  in  this  direction.  To  our  present 
departments  we  propose  to  add  others  from  time  to 
time,  as  our  means  shall  warrant  and  the  exigencies 
of  the  University  shall  seem  to  demand,  always  taking 
those  first  whose  domain  lies  nearest  to  those  already 
established,  until  the  full  scope  and  purpose  of  the 
University  shall  have  been  accomplished. 

These  benefits  and  advantages  thus  briefly  outlined, 
we  propose  placing  at  the  service  of  those  who  from 
time  to  time  seek,  in  good  faith  and  honesty  of 
purpose,  to  pursue  the  study  of  science  in  its  purity ; 
and  to  engage  in  scientific  research  and  investigation — 
to  such  they  are  offered  as  far  as  possible  free  from  all 
trammels  and  hindrances,  without  any  religious,  polit- 
ical or  social  tests.  All  that  will  be  required  of  any 
applicant  will  be  evidence,  disclosed  by  examinations 
or  otherwise,  that  his  attainments  are  such  as  to  qualify 
him  for  the  position  which  he  seeks. 

In  the  government  of  the  University  it  is  our  aim 
and  fixed  purpose  that  nothing  like  favoritism  in  any 
form  shall  be  allowed ;  that  everything  approaching 
religious,  political  or  social  bias  shall  be  excluded,  and 
in  nothing  can  the  friends  of  the  University  more 
fervently  unite  than  in  the  prayer  that  in  all  times 
hereafter  everything  connected  with  its  administration 
or  the  ordering  of  its  internal  arrangements,  and  in 
dispensing  its  advantages  or  bestowing  its  favors — 
either  in  the  selection  of  officers  or  in  the  admission 
of  applicants  for  place — shall  be  kept  free  from  this 
baleful  influence.     Experience  on  every  hand  teaches 


us  that  the  moment  these  influences  gain  a  hold  in  the 
councils  of  a  university  the  effectiveness  of  its  work 
will  be  seriously  impaired  and  its  influence  for  good 
weakened  or  altogether  gone. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  extend  to  the  gentlemen  who 
constitute  the  Faculty,  and  in  whose  hands  have  been 
committed  the  educational  labors  of  the  University,  a 
sincere  welcome  to  our  city.  Their  presence  with  us 
will  be  an  additional  attraction  to  Worcester  as  a  place 
of  residence,  and  will  constitute  a  new  and  strong 
claim  for  it  to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  educational 
centres  of  our  country. 

Personally,  I  avail  myself  of  this  occasion  to  extend 
to  my  associates  on  the  Board  of  Trustees  my  sincere 
and  grateful  thanks  for  the  earnest  co-operation  which 
they  have  shown  in  the  progress  of  our  initiatory  work ; 
for  the  zeal  they  have  constantly  manifested  in  the 
execution  of  the  trust  which  they  have  accepted,  for 
the  unwearied  labor  which  they  have  ever  given  and 
for  their  willingness  to  bestow  their  best  care  upon  the 
work  which  we  have  had  in  hand,  that  it  might  be 
crowned  with  abundant  success. 

It  is  fitting,  in  conclusion,  that  I  should  allude  to 
the  great  loss  we  have  sustained  by  the  death  of  one 
of  the  original  members  of  our  Board — a  loss  that 
can  scarcely  be  estimated  by  those  unacquainted 
with  the  labors,  the  duties  and  the  responsibilities 
which  fall  upon  one  who  occupied  his  position. 
Those  labors  and  duties  were  always  discharged  by 
him  with  the  most  scrupulous  exactness  and  with  a 
care  which  could  not  have  been  excelled  in  the  man- 
agement of  his  private  affairs.  But  it  was  not  alone 
upon  the  University  that  the  great  loss  fell.  Distin- 
guished in  various  walks  of  life,  exceptionally  skilled 


in  the  exercise  of  his  chosen  profession,  he  acquired 
and  maintained  through  life  an  enviable  and  com- 
manding position.  He  was  an  accomplished  scholar, 
an  upright  and  large-hearted  gentleman.  We  deeply 
realize  our  loss,  but  feel  that  ours  is  not  comparable 
to  that  of  his  immediate  family.  They  have  our 
warmest  sympathies. 

It  now  only  remains  for  me  in  behalf  of  the  Trustees 
to  announce  the  University  open  and  to  welcome  all 
those  who  desire  to  avail  themselves  of  its  benefits 
and  advantages.  We  pray  for  the  future  success  of 
the  University  which  we  now  dedicate  to  science, 
letters,  art  and  human  progress  in  their  best  and  highest 
forms.  We  invite  the  Divine  aid  ;  and  may  the  Giver 
of  all  good  crown  its  efforts  and  labors  with  His 
constant  and  abundant  blessing. 


President  G.  Stanley  Hall  then  delivered  the  fol- 
lowing address  : 

We  are  here  to  mark  in  a  simple  way,  as  befits  its 
dignity,  a  rare  event  which  we  hope  and  pray  may 
prove  not  only  the  most  important  in  the  history  of 
this  favored  city,  but  of  forever  growing  significance 
for  our  state  and  nation,  for  culture  and  humanity. 

Located  with  great  forethought  in  a  city  whose  cul- 
ture ensures  that  enlightened  public  sentiment  so 
needful  in  maintaining  the  highest  possible  academic 
standards,  in  a  city  whose  wealth  and  good  will,  we 
trust,  are  as  fair  a  promise  as  can  anywhere  be  given 
or  asked  of  that  perpetual  increase  of  revenue  now 
required  by  the  rapid  progress  of  science — in  a  city 


10 


central  among  the  best  colleges  of  the  East,  whose 
work  we  wish  not  only  to  supplement  but  to  stimulate, 
whose  higher  interests  we  hope  to  serve,  and  whose 
good  will  and  active  co-operation  we  invite ;  governed 
by  trustees  of  eminence  in  the  nation  as  well  as  in  the 
state,  who  ask  no  sectarian  and  no  political  questions 
of  their  appointees,  whose  influence  without  and 
whose  counsels  within  are  of  inestimable  and  well 
appreciated  value ;  consecrating  ourselves  to  the  toil 
of  science  at  an  hour  so  peculiarly  critical  and  so 
opportune  in  the  university  development  of  the  coun- 
try, I  must  believe  that  not  only  every  intelligent 
inhabitant  of  Worcester,  but  every  unbiased  friend  of 
higher  education  everywhere,  will  wish  to  add  to  our 
already  unexpectedly  large  endowment  of  public  and 
private  good  will  at  home  and  abroad,  his  and  her 
hearty,  ungrudging  and  reiterated  God-speed. 

Just  because,  instead  of  the  easy  and  wasteful  task 
of  repeating  what  is  already  well  done  about  us,  we 
strive  to  take  the  inevitable  next  step  and  to  be  the 
first,  if  we  can,  upon  the  higher  plane  ;  because  we  must 
study  not  only  to  utilize  all  available  experience  wher- 
ever we  can,  but  to  be  wisely  bold  in  innovations 
wherever  we  must ;  because  there  will  be  indifference 
and  misconception  from  friends  who  do  not  see  all 
the  importance  of  our  work  at  first ;  because  there  are 
difficulties  inherent  in  the  very  nature  of  that  work 
itself  as  great  as  the  work  is  needed,  we  must  go 
slowly  and  surely,  establishing  but  few  departments  at 
first,  and  when  they  are  made  the  best  possible,  adding 
new  and  most  related  ones  as  fast  as  we  can  find  the 
men  and  money  to  support  them.  We  must  prolong 
the  formative  period  of  foundation,  and  must  each  and 
every  one  realize  well  that  we  are  just  entering  upon 


11 


years  of  unremitting  toil,  in  which  patience  and  hope 
will  be  tempered  with  trial.  But  our  cause  is  itself 
an  inspiration,  for  it  is  in  the  current  of  all  good 
tendencies  in  higher  education,  and  of  the  ultimate 
success  of  what  is  this  day  begun,  there  is  not  a  shadow 
of  doubt  or  of  fear. 


Our  history  begins  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  in 
the  plans  of  a  reticent  and  sagacious  man,  whose  leave 
we  cannot  here  await  to  speak  of,  who  in  affluence 
maintains  the  simple  and  regular  mode  of  life  inbred 
in  the  plain  New  England  home  of  his  boyhood ; — 
plans  that  have  steadily  grown  with  his  fortune  and 
that  have  been  followed  and  encouraged  with  an  eager 
and  growing  interest,  which  extended  to  even  minor 
items  by  the  devoted  companion  of  his  life.  Besides 
a  large  fund  already  placed  to  our  account,  he  has 
given  his  experience  and  unremitting  daily  care,  worth 
to  us  large  sums  in  economies,  and  resulting  in  well 
appointed  buildings,  and  a  solidity  of  materials  and  a 
thoroughness  of  workmanship  which  I  believe  are 
without  a  parallel  of  their  cost  and  kind  in  the  country. 
Not  only  in  the  multifarious  work  of  the  university 
office,  its  methods  of  estimates,  orders,  book-keeping,  of 
individual  accountability  for  all  books,  apparatus,  sup- 
plies and  furniture,  but  in  the  larger  questions  of 
university  polity  without  and  effective  administration 
within,  in  the  definition  of  duty  for  each  officer,  the 
strict  subordination  and  the  concentration  of  authority 
and  responsibility  sure  to  appeal  to  all  who  have  the 
instinct  of  discipline,  and  which  are  exceptionally 
needful  where  the  life  of  science  is  to  be  so  free,  and 
the  policy  so  independent ;  in  the  express  exemption, 


12 


too,  of  all  instructors  who  can  sustain  the  ardor  of 
research  from  excessive  teaching  and  examination,  in 
the  appointment  of  assistants  in  a  way  to  keep  each 
member  of  the  staff  at  his  best  work,  and  to  avoid  the 
too  common  and  wasteful  practice  in  American 
universities  of  letting  four  thousand  dollar  men  do 
four  hundred  dollar  work,  in  the  ample  equipment  of 
each  department,  that  no  force  be  lost  on  inferior 
tools — in  all  these  and  many  other  respects  the  ideal 
of  our  founder  has  been  to  make  everywhere  an 
independent  application  of  the  simplest  and  severest 
but  also  the  largest  principles  of  business  economy. 

As  business  absorbs  more  and  more  of  the  talent 
and  energy  of  the  world,  its  considerations  more  and 
more  prevading  if  not  subordinating,  whether  for 
better  or  worse,  not  only  the  arts,  the  school, 
the  press,  but  all  departments  of  church  and 
state,  making  peace  and  war,  cities  or  deserts,  so 
science  is  slowly  pervading  and  profoundly  modifying 
literature,  philosophy,  education,  religion  and  every 
domain  of  culture.  Both  at  their  best  have  dangers  and 
are  severe  schools  of  integrity.  The  directness,  sim- 
plicity, certainty  and  absorption  in  work  so  character- 
istic of  both  are  setting  new  fashions  in  manners,  and 
even  in  morals,  and  bringing  man  into  closer  contact 
with  the  world  as  it  is.  Both  are  binding  the  universe 
together  into  new  unities  and  imposing  a  discipline 
ever  severer  for  body  and  mind.  When  their  work, 
purified  of  deceit  and  error,  is  finished,  the  period  of 
history  we  now  call  modern  will  be  rounded  to 
completeness,  culture  will  have  abandoned  much  use- 
less luggage,  the  chasm  between  instruction  and  educa- 
tion will  be  less  disastrous,  and  all  the  highest  and 


13 


most  sacred  of  human  ideals  will  not  be  lost  or  dimmed,, 
but  will  become  nearer  and  more  real. 

When  one  who  has  graduated  with  highest  honors 
from  this  rigorous  school  of  business,  after  spending 
eight  years  of  travel  abroad  studying  the  means  by 
which  knowledge  and  culture,  the  most  precious 
riches  of  the  race,  are  increased  and  transmitted,  and 
finding  no  reason  why  our  country,  which  so  excels 
in  business,  should  be  content  with  the  second  best 
in  science,  devotes  to  its  services  not  only  his  fortune 
at  the  end  of  his  life,  but  also  years  yet  fall  of  excep- 
tional and  unabated  energy,  we  see  in  such  a  fact  not 
only  the  normal,  complete,  if  you  please,  post-graduate 
ethical  maturity  of  an  individual  business  life,  but  also 
a  type  and  promise  of  what  wealth  now  seems  likely  to 
do  for  higher  education  in  America.  It  is  no  marvel 
that  our  foundation  has  already  been  so  often  so  conspic- 
uously and  so  favorably  noted  in  authoritative  ways  and 
places  in  an  european  land  where,  if  monarchy  should 
yield  to  a  republic,  university  culture  could  not  penetrate 
its  people  as  it  now  does.  It  is  thus  a  more  typical 
and  vital  product  of  the  national  life  at  its  best  than 
are  foundations  made  by  state  or  church  in  which  to 
train  their  servants.  In  thus  giving  his  fortune  to  a 
single  highest  end  as  sagaciously  and  actively  as  he  has 
acquired  it,  may  our  founder  find  a  new  completeness 
of  life  in  age,  which  Cicero  did  not  know,  and  taste 

uall  the  joy  that  lies 

In  a  full  self-sacrifice." 


The  very  word  science,  especially  when  used  in  its 
relation  to  business,  is  too  often  degraded  by  cheap 
graduates  who  are  just  fit  to  look  after  established 


14 


industrial  processes,  but  are  useless  it  competition  finds 
or  needs  new  and  better  ones ;  who  certify  to  analyses 
of  commercial  products  that  good  chemists  know  are 
impossible  ;  who,  if  international  competition  in  manu- 
factures were  more  free,  would  give  place  to  better 
trained,  perhaps  German,  experts  still  faster  than  they 
are  doing;  who,  in  criminal,  medical  and  patent 
law  suits  often  have  the  address  to  carry  judge  and 
jury  against  far  better  chemists,  but  who  have  no 
conception  of  the  higher  quality  and  more  rigorous 
methods  of  their  own  science ;  who  make  chemistry, 
physics  and  geology  mercenary,  culinary,  the  servants 
instead  of  the  masters  of  industrial  progress,  and  the  very 
"  life-springs  of  all  the  arts  of  peace  or  war."  This 
evil,  although  so  great  and  common  that  even  the  best 
men  in  other  professions  too  rarely  see  the  high  ideal 
culture  power  of  real  science,  is  yet  only  incidental 
and  temporary. 

A  good  illustration  of  the  high  and  normal  techno- 
logical value  of  pure  science  is  at  hand  in  dyeing,  one 
of  the  most  scientific  among  the  many  and  increasing 
chemical  industries.  England  furnishes  nearly  all  the 
raw,  formerly  valueless,  material  for  coal  tar  colors,  out 
of  which  Germany  made  most  of  the  seventeen  and  a 
half  million  dollars'  worth  manufactured  in  1880. 
England  bought  back  a  large  fraction  of  the  colored 
goods,  and  Germany  made  the  profits,  because  she 
could  furnish  the  best  training  in  pure  chemistry.  It 
is  for  this  reason  that  she  is  driving  other  countries 
out  of  the  field  in  other  leading  chemical  industries. 
The  great  factories  there  employ  from  two  or  three  to 
more  than  a  score  each  of  good,  and  often  the  best, 
university  trained  chemists  at  large  salaries,  and  the 
best  of  these  spend  a  good  part  of  their  time  in  original 


15 


research  in  the  factory  laboratories.  The  prospect  of 
these  lucrative  careers  has  had  very  much  to  do  in  fill- 
ing the  chemical  laboratories  of  the  universities  with 
hundreds  of  students,  and  the  German  government 
(best  that  of  Prussia)  has  met  the  demand  by  erecting 
and  equipping  new  and  sometimes  magnificent  labor- 
atories at  nearly  all  of  her  universities.  New  artificial 
processes  of  making  organic  products  of  commerce 
have  freed  thousands  of  acres  of  land  where  they  were 
formerly  grown,  and  have  made  new  industries  and 
often  impaired  old  ones.  Many  professors  of  chemistry 
make  large  outside  incomes,  nearly  all  are  sanguine  ; 
some  even  declare  that  before  very  long  leading  drugs, 
and  even  food,  that  will  equal  if  not  actually  excel 
nature's  products,  will  be  made  artificially.  The 
leading  professor  in  one  of  the  largest  chemical 
laboratories  of  Germany  told  me  in  substance  that  he 
no  longer  went  after  outside  technical  work,  but  now 
made  it  a  virtue  to  wait  for  it  to  seek  him,  and  it  has 
been  strongly  urged  that  even  the  government  should 
take  steps  to  prevent  the  migration  of  German  chemists 
to  the  universities  of  other  countries,  lest  Germany 
lose  her  pre-eminence  in  chemical  industries. 

This  remarkable  contact  of  the  marvelous  new  busi- 
ness life  and  energy  of  Germany,  particularly  of  North 
Germany,  (which  in  both  suddenness  and  vigor 
equals  any  of  the  wonderful  developments  in  this 
country),  with  staid  and  tranquil  academic  ways,  has 
had  some  marked  reverberations  and  given  new  direc- 
tion and  impetus  to  other  studies  in  some  other 
departments  where  it  is  not  directly  felt.  It  has  led 
to  the  erection  and  equipment  by  the  government  of 
great  technological  schools,  and  has  shown  to  business 
men  and  employers  that  no   course  in  the   sciences 


16 


which  underlie  technology  can  be  too  advanced,  pro- 
longed or  severe  to  be  practical.  Where  ought  the 
value  and  significance  of  such  a  training  be  better 
appreciated  than  here  in  the  land  of  Fulton,  Morse, 
Bell  and  Edison? 

There  are,  however,  eminent  chemists  in  Germany, 
and  many  more  in  surrounding  European  countries, 
who  deplore  what  they  call  the  irruption  of  the  tech- 
nical spirit  into  the  universities.  They  fear  the  prox- 
imity of  the  factory  and  the  patent  office  to  the  univer- 
sity laboratory  has  narrowed  the  field  of  view  and 
made  methods  of  research  relatively  less  severe,  they 
complain  that  in  their  teaching  they  must  hasten  over 
inorganic  chemistry,  neglecting  all  the  other  elements 
for  the  carbon  compounds,  and  that  there  are  almost 
no  inorganic  chemists  in  Germany ;  that  in  choosing 
between  several  substances  inviting  research,  one  of 
which  promises  great  commercial  value  and  the  other 
none,  strict  scientific  impartiality  is  lost ;  that  in  the 
eagerness  for  practical  results,  problems  are  attempted 
too  complex  for  the  present  methods  of  experimenters 
who  are  trying  to  "  eat  soup  with  a  fork,"  as  one  sad- 
ly told  me,  and  that  thus  while  published  researches  are 
more  numerous  they  are  less  thorough  and  have  intro- 
duced many  formulae  that  neither  prove  nor  agree, 
so  that  much  work  now  accepted  must  be  done  over 
again  and  far  more  thoroughly ;  that  even  Liebig  set  a 
bad  example  in  this  respect,  and  that  many  new  prod- 
ucts, of  which  university  chemists  boast,  are  so  inferior 
to  those  of  nature  as  to  be  really  adulteration. 

What  I  have  tried  to  illustrate  mainly  in  the  field 
of  one  science  is  more  or  less  true  under  changed 
ways  and  degrees  in  the  sphere  of  others.  The  sciences 
are  also  at  the  very  heart  of  modern  medical  studies. 


17 


Biology  explores  the  laws  of  life  upon  which  not  only 
these  studies  but  human  health,  welfare  and  modern 
conceptions  of  man  and  his  place  in  nature  so  funda- 
mentally rest.  The  law  of  the  specific  energy  of 
nerves,  e.  g.  which  Helmholtz  says  equals  in  importance 
the  Newtonian  law  of  gravity,  and  more  than  anything 
else  made  physiology  the  science  which  has  had  so 
large  a  share  in  raising  the  medical  profession  in  Ger- 
many to  a  position  in  the  intellectual  world  such  as  it 
never  had  before,  doing  for  it  in  some  degree  what 
chemistry  has  done  for  dyeing,  and  even  instruments 
like  the  ophthalmoscope,  which  almost  created  a  de- 
partment of  medical  practice,  or  the  spectroscope, 
now  indispensable  in  the  Bessemer  process,  sugar  re- 
fining, in  wine  and  color-dye  tests,  the  detection  of 
photographic  sensibilators,  in  the  custom  house  and  in 
two  important  forms  of  medical  diagnosis, — all  these, 
to  cut  short  a  long  list  of  both  epoch-making  laws  and 
important  instruments,  are  the  direct  products  of  whole 
souled  devotion  to  unremunerative  scientific  research. 
It  is  hard  for  medical  students  to  realize  that  they 
can  not  understand  hygiene,  forensic  medicine,  phar- 
macology and  toxicology  without  a  rigorous  drill  in 
chemistry ;  that  they  must  know  physics  to  understand 
the  diagnostic  and  therapeutic  use  of  electricity,  oph- 
thalmology, otology,  the  mechanism  of  the  bones, 
muscles,  circulation,  etc. ;  that  zoology  is  needed  to 
teach  sound  philosophic  thought,  generic  facts  about 
the  laws  of  life,  health,  reproduction  and  disease. 
These,  and  sometimes  also  sciences  like  mineralogy, 
anthropology,  and  psychology,  are  required  in  Europe, 
with  much  more  rigor  than  is  common  with  us,  of 
every  medical  student.  Thus  doctors,  like  technolo- 
gists, cannot  know  too  much  pure  science.     An  emi- 


18 


nent  medical  practitioner  in  Europe  compares  young 
physicians  who  slight  the  basal  sciences  of  their  pro- 
fession and  pass  on  to  the  clinical,  therapeutic  and 
practical  parts,  to  young  men  who  grow  prematurely 
old  and  sterile.  The  phrase  of  Hippocrates,  "  God- 
like is  the  physician  who  is  also  a  philosopher/'  is 
still  more  true  and  good  in  its  larger,  more  modern  and 
looser  translation,  viz.,  exalted  is  the  physician  who 
knows  not  only  the  most  approved  methods  of  practice, 
but  also  the  pure  sciences  which  underlie  and  determine 
both  the  dignity  and  value  of  his  profession. 

Medical  instruction  on  the  one  hand  must  select  as  its 
foundation  those  sciences  and  those  parts  of  the  sci- 
ences most  useful  in  meeting  man's  great  enemy,  disease. 
It  needs  far  more  anatomy  than  physics  and  little 
mathematics,  astronomy  or  geology.  Technical  in- 
struction on  the  other  hand  is  and  must  be  so  organ- 
ized as  to  reflect  the  state  of  industry.  It  properly 
lays  more  stress  upon  chemistry  with  its  many  applica- 
tions than  upon  biology,  which  has  far  fewer ;  more 
upon  electricity  than  upon  molecular  physics ;  and 
more  upon  organic  than  inorganic  chemistry.  The 
university,  which  is  entirely  distinct  from  and  higher 
than  any  form  of  technical  or  professional  instruction 
can  be,  should  represent  the  state  of  science  per  se. 
It  should  be  strong  in  those  fields  where  science  is 
highly  developed,  and  should  pay  less  attention  to 
other  departments  of  knowledge  which  have  not 
reached  the  scientific  stage.  It  should  be  financially 
and  morally  able  to  disregard  practical  application  as 
well  as  numbers  of  students.  It  should  be  a  laboratory 
of  the  highest  possible  human  development  in  those 
lines  where  educational  values  are  the  criterion  of  what 
is  taught  or  not  taught,  and  the  increase  of  knowledge 


19 


and  its  diffusion  among  the  few  fit  should  be  its  ideal. 
As  another  puts  it,  "  The  more  and  better  books,  ap- 
paratus, collections  and  teachers,  and  the  fewer  but 
more  promising  students,  the  better  the  work."  In 
Europe,  besides  its  duty  to  science  the  university  must 
not  fail  of  its  practical  duty  to  furnish  to  the  state 
good  teachers,  preachers,  doctors,  advocates,  engin- 
eers and  technologists  of  various  kinds.  Here  a  uni- 
versity can,  if  it  chooses,  do  still  better  and  devote 
itself  exclusively  to  the  pure  sciences.  These  once 
understood,  their  applications  are  relatively  easy  and 
quickly  learned.  The  university  must  thus  stand 
above,  subordinate  and  fructify  the  practical  spirit,  or 
the  latter  will  languish  for  want  of  science  to  apply. 

The  important  facts  that  are  both  certain  and  exact, 
and  the  completely  verified  laws,  or  well  ordered, 
welded  cohesion  of  thought  that  approach  such  mental 
continuity  as  makes  firm,  compactly  woven  intellectual 
or  cerebral  tissue,  are  so  precious  in  our  distracted 
and  unsettled  age,  that  it  is  no  marvel  that  impartial 
laymen  in  all  walks  of  life  are  coming  to  regard  modern 
science  in  its  pure  high  form  as  not  only  the  greatest 
achievement  of  the  race  thus  far,  but  also  as  carrying 
in  it  the  greatest,  though  not  yet  well  developed,  cul- 
ture power  of  the  world,  not  only  for  knowledge  but 
also  for  feeling  and  conduct.  It  is  of  this  power 
that  universities  are  the  peculiar  organs ;  to  them  is 
now  committed  the  highest  interests  of  man  \  from  them 
and  from  science  now  comes  the  light  and  advance- 
ment of  the  world.  They  became  and  remained  the 
asylums  of  free  thought  and  conviction  when  Rome 
and  all  other  privileged  orders  declined,  and  their 
germs  were  brought  and  piously  and  early  planted  on 
these  shores  by  our  fathers.     The  term  is  not  only 


20 


"the  noblest  in  the  vocabulary  of  science,"  but  uni- 
versities are  the  chief  nurseries  of  talent,  where  is 
kept  alive  the  holy  fervor  of  investigation  that  in  its 
passion  for  truth  is  fearless  of  consequences  and  has 
never  been  more  truly  and  loftily  ideal  than  now,  when 
its  objects  of  study  are  often  most  crassly  material.  It 
is  their  quality  more  than  anything  else  that  determines 
not  only  the  status  of  the  medical  and  all  technological 
professions,  but  also  whether  the  legal  profession  is 
formal,  narrow,  mercenary  and  unlearned  as  it  seems 
now  in  danger  of  becoming,  in  Germany,  because 
even  the  German  universities,  despite  their  great 
preeminence  in  all  other  respects,  are  by  general 
consent  of  the  most  competent  Germans  themselves 
relatively  weak  in  those  departments  which  underlie 
the  practice  of  law  or  broadly  based  on  history  and 
social  or  economic  science,  informed  in  administrative 
experience,  and  culminating  in  judicial  talent  and 
statesmanship.  Universities  largely  determine  whether 
a  land  is  cursed  by  a  factious,  superstitious,  half- cultured 
clergy,  or  blessed  by  ministers  of  divine  truth,  who 
understand  and  believe  the  doctrines  they  teach ;  who 
attract  and  enlarge  the  most  learned,  and  penetrate 
the  life  of  the  poor  and  ignorant,  quickening,  comfort- 
ing and  informing  in  a  way  worthy  the  Great  Teacher 
himself;  and  making  their  profession  as  it  should  be — 
the  noblest  of  human  callings. 

Compared  with  our  material  progress,  we  are  not 
only  making  no  progress,  but  are  falling  behind  in  higher 
education.  It  has  been  estimated  that  but  five  per 
cent,  of  the  practicing  physicians  of  this  country  have 
had  a  liberal  education,  and  that  sixty  per  cent,  of  our 
medical  schools  require  practically  no  preliminary 
training  whatever  for  admission,  while  European  laws 


21 


require  a  university  training  for  every  doctor  before 
he  can  practice.  Again,  we  apply  science  with  great 
skill  but  create  or  advance  it  very  little  indeed.  Should 
the  supply  of  European  science,  which  now  so 
promptly  finds  its  way  here  and  fertilizes  and  stimulates 
to  more  or  less  hopeful  reaction  our  best  scholars,  and 
upon  which  we  live  as  upon  charity,  be  cut  off  by  some 
great  war  or  otherwise,  the  unbalanced  and  short- 
sighted utilitarian  tendencies  now  too  prevalent  here 
would  tend  toward  the  same  stagnation  and  routine 
which  similar  tendencies  unchecked  long  ago  wrought 
out  in  China.  We  all  most  heartily  believe  in  and  respect 
technical  and  applied  science  and  all  grades  of  industrial 
education,  but  these  are  as  much  out  of  place  in  a 
truly  academic  university  as  money-changers  were  in 
the  temple  of  the  Most  High. 

But  yet  the  fact  that  these  and  other  evils  and 
difficulties  are  now  so  widely  seen  and  so  deeply  felt, 
that  endowments  for  higher  education  seem  now  the 
order  of  the  day,  that  the  largest  single  endowment  in 
this  country  has  already  so  effectively  begun  so  many 
reforms  in  scarcely  more  than  a  decade  in  Baltimore  ; 
that  churchmen,  statesmen  and  business  men  now 
need  only  to  see  their  own  interests  in  a  way  a  little 
larger  and  broader,  as  they  are  now  tending  to  do,  to 
co-operate  more  actively  than  they  ever  have  done 
in  strengthening  our  best  foundations — such  considera- 
tions sustain  the  larger  and  more  hopeful  view  that 
our  country  is  already  beginning  to  rise  above  the 
respectable  and  complacent  mediocrity  still  its  curse 
in  every  domain  of  culture,  and  will  show  that  democracy 
can  produce — as  it  must  or  decline — the  very  highest 
type  of  men  as  its  leaders.  The  university  problem 
seems  to  be  fairly  upon  us.     We  now  need  men  in 


22 


our  chairs  whose  minds  have  got  into  independent 
motion  ;  who  are  authorities  and  not  echoes  ;  who  have 
the  high  moral  qualities  of  plain  and  simple  living 
and  self-sacrificing  devotion  to  truth,  and  who  show  to 
this  community  and  the  country  the  spectacle  of  men 
absorbed  in  and  living  only  for  pure  science  and  high 
scholarship,  and  are  not  mere  place-holders  or  sterile 
routine  pedagogues,  and  all  needed  material  support 
is  sure  to  come. 


A  word  so  characteristic  here  that  it  might  stand 
upon  our  very  seal,  is  concentration.  Of  this  our 
founder,  in  declining  to  scatter  his  resources  among 
the  countless  calls  from  individuals,  institutions  and 
causes,  from  excellent  to  vicious,  and  refusing  us  as  yet, 
in  the  one  work  he  has  set  out  to  accomplish,  no 
needed  thing,  sets  an  example.  We  have  selected  a 
small  but  closely  related  group  of  five  departments, 
and  shall  at  first  focus  all  our  means  and  care  to  make 
these  five  the  best  possible.  Neither  the  historical 
origin  nor  the  term  university  have  anything  to  do  with 
completeness  of  the  field  of  knowledge.  The  word 
originally  designated  simply  a  corporation  with  peculiar 
privileges  and  peculiarly  independent  to  do  what  it 
chose.  We  choose  to  assert  the  same  privilege  of 
election  for  ourselves  that  other  institutions  allow  their 
students,  and  offer  the  latter  in  choosing  their  subjects 
a  larger  option  between  institutions.  The  continental 
habit  of  inter-university  migration  also  on  the  part  of 
students,  if  once  adopted  here,  would,  no  doubt,  stimu- 
late institutions  no  less  than  it  has  stimulated  compet- 
ing departments  in  the  same  university.  Our  plan  in 
this  respect   implies  a  specialization  as  imperatively 


23 


needed  for  the  advanced  students,  as  it  would  we 
admit,  be  unfortunate  for  students  still  in  the  disciplin- 
ary collegiate  stage.  If  our  elementary  schools  are 
inferior  to  the  best  in  Europe,  and  if  our  fitting 
schools  are  behind  the  French  Lycee,  the  German 
Gymnasium  and  the  great  English  schools  it  is  our 
universities  that  are  comparatively  by  far  the  weak- 
est part  of  our  national  system.  The  best  of  these 
best  know  that  50  or  100  instructors  cannot  do  the 
work  of  350;  that  they  cannot  hope  at  present  to 
rival  European  governments  which  erect  single  uni- 
versity buildings,  costing  nearly  four  million  dollars 
each,  as  at  Berlin  and  Vienna,  nor  equal  the  clinical 
opportunities  of  large  European  cities  with  poorer 
populations  and  more  concentrated  hospital  systems. 
Our  strongest  universities  are  far  too  feeble  to  do 
justice  to  all  the  departments,  old  and  new,  which 
they  undertake.  Our  institutions  are  also  too  uni- 
form ;  the  small  and  weak  ones  try  to  copy  every 
new  departure  of  the  stronger  ones  as  the  latter 
copy  the  far  stronger  institutions  in  Europe.  If  the 
best  of  them  would  do  work  of  real  university  grade, 
they  should  specialize  among  the  fields  of  academic 
culture,  doing  well  what  they  do,  but  not  attempting  to 
do  everything,  the  American  system  might  yet  come  to 
represent  the  highest  educational  needs  of  the 
country.  In  contrast  with  the  present  ideal  of  hori- 
zontal expansion  and  the  waste  of  unnecessary  dupli- 
cation, we  believe  our  departure  will  be  as  useful  as 
it  is  new. 

Again,  concentration  is  now  the  master  word  of 
education.  In  no  country  has  the  amount  of  individual 
information  been  so  great,  the  range  of  intelligence  so 
wide,  the  number  of  studies  attempted  by  young  men 


24 


in  colleges  and  universities  so  large  for  the  time  and 
labor  given  to  each,  the  plea  for  liberal  and  general, 
as  distinct  from  special  and  exclusive  studies,  been  so 
strong.  This  is  well,  for  general  knowledge  is  the 
best  soil  for  any  kind  of  eminence  or  culture  to  spring 
from,  and  because  power,  though  best  applied  on  a 
small  surface,  is  best  developed  over  a  large  one  and 
not  in  brains  educated,  as  it  were,  in  spots.  More  than 
this,  our  utilitarian  ideal  of  general  knowledge  is  far 
more  akin  to  that  of  Hippias,  who  would  make  his 
own  clothes  and  shoes,  cook  his  own  food,  etc.,  or  to 
that  of  Diderot,  who  would  learn  all  trades,  than  to 
the  noble  Greek  ideal  of  the  symmetrical  all-sided  de- 
velopment of  all  the  powers  of  body  and  mind.  The 
more  general  knowledge  the  better;  but  everything 
must  shoot  together  in  the  brain.  In  the  figure  of 
Ritcher,  the  sulphur,  saltpeter,  and  charcoal  must  find 
each  other  or  the  man  makes  no  powder.  The  brain 
must  be  trained  to  bring  all  that  is  in  it  to  a  sharp 
focus  without  dispersive  fringes.  The  natural  instinct 
of  every  ambitious  youth  is  to  excel,  to  do,  or  make 
or  know  something  better  than  any  one  else,  to  be  an 
authority,  to  surpass  all  others,  if  only  in  the  most  ac- 
cumulated specialty.  Learning  thus  what  true  mental 
freedom  is,  he  is  more  docile  in  all  other  directions. 
If  it  be  extravagant  to  say  that  no  minds  are  so  fee- 
ble that  they  cannot  excel,  if  they  concenrate  all  their 
energies  upon  a  point  sufficiently  small,  nothing  is 
more  true  than  that  the  greatest  powers  fail  if  too 
much  is  attempted.  This  is  not  only  a  wise  instinct 
that  makes  for  economy,  but  in  the  parliamentary 
committee  rooms,  in  corporation  meetings,  in  the  court 
room,  in  business,  in  science,  in  the  sick  chamber, 
the  modern  world  in  nearly  every  department  is  now 


25 


really  governed  by  experts — by  men  who  have  at- 
tained the  mastery  that  comes  by  concentration.  The 
young  man  who  has  had  the  invaluable  training  of 
abandoning  himself  to  a  long  experimental  research 
upon  some  very  special  but  happily  chosen  point  was 
typically  illustrated  in  a  man  I  knew.  With  the  dig- 
nity and  sense  of  finality  of  the  American  senior  year 
quick  within  him,  his  first  teacher  in  Germany  told 
him  to  study  experimentally  one  of  the  score  of  muscles 
of  a  frog's  leg.  He  feared  loss  and  limitation  in  try- 
ing to  focus  all  his  energies  upon  so  small  and  insig- 
nificant an  object.  The  mild  dissipation  of  too  gen- 
eral culture,  the  love  of  freedom  and  frequent  change, 
aided  by  a  taste  for  breezy  philosophic  romancing, 
almost  diverted  him  from  the  frog's  leg.  But  as  he 
progressed  he  found  that  he  must  know  in  a  more  mi- 
nute and  practical  way  than  before — in  a  way  that  made 
previous  knowledge  seem  unreal — certain  definite 
points  in  electricity,  chemistry,  mechanics,  physiology, 
etc.,  and  bring  them  to  bear  in  fruitful  relation  to  each 
other.  As  the  experiments  proceeded  through  the 
winter,  the  history  of  previous  views  upon  the  subject 
were  studied  and  understood  as  never  before  and 
broader  biological  relations  gradually  seen.  The  sum- 
mer, and  yet  another  year  were  passed  upon  this  tiny 
muscle,  for  he  had  seen  that  its  laws  and  structure  are 
fundamentally  the  same  in  frogs  and  men,  that  just 
such  contractile  tissue  has  done  all  the  work  man  has 
accomplished  in  the  world,  that  muscles  are  the  only 
organ  of  the  will.  Thus,  as  the  work  went  on,  many 
of  the  mysteries  of  the  universe  seemed  to  centre  in 
Jiis  theme ;  in  fact,  in  the  presence  and  study  of  this 


26 


minute  object  of  nature  he  had  passed  from  the 
attitude  of  Peter  Bell,  of  whom  the  poet  says, 

UA  cowslip  by  the  river's  brim 
A  yellow  cowslip  was  to  him, 
And  it  was  nothing  more," 

up  to  the  standpoint  of  the  seer  who  "  plucked  a 
flower  from  the    crannied  wall,"  and    realized    that 

could  he  but  understand  what  it  was,  " root  and 

all  and  all  in  all,  he  would  know  what  God  and  man  is." 
Even  if  my  friend  had  contributed  nothing  in  the 
shape  of  discovery  to  the  great  temple  of  science,  he 
had  felt  the  otnne  tutit  punctum  of  nature's  organic 
unity,  he  had  felt  the  profound  and  religious  conviction 
that  the  world  is  lawful  to  the  core  ;  he  had  experienced 
what  a  truly  liberal  education,  in  the  modern  as  distinct 
from  the  mediaeval  sense,  really  is.  We  may  term  it 
non- professional  specialization. 

Perhaps  the  most  thorough  and  comprehensive 
government  reports  ever  made  in  any  language  are 
those  of  the  English  parliamentary  commissioners  on 
endowments.  The  first  of  these  occupied  nearly 
nineteen  years  and  fills  nearly  two-score  heavy  folio 
volumes.  In  all,  about  twenty  thousand  foundations, 
new  and  centuries  old,  large  and  small,  devoted  to  a 
vast  variety  of  uses,  good  and  questionable,  were 
reported.  The  conclusions  drawn  from  this  field  of 
experience,  which  is  far  richer  and  wider  in  England 
than  elsewhere,  was  that  of  all  the  great  popular 
charities,  higher  education  has  proven  safest,  wisest 
and  best,  and  that  for  two  chief  reasons — first,  because 
the  superior  integrity  and  ability  of  the  guardians  who 
consented  to  administer  such  funds,  the  intelligence 
and  grateful  appreciation  of  those  aided  by  them,  and 


27 


the  strong  public  interest  and  resulting  publicity — all 
three  combined  to  hold  them  perpetually  truest  to 
the  purpose  and  spirit  of  the  founders ;  and  secondly, 
because  in  improving  higher  education,  all  other 
good  causes  are  most  effectively  aided.  The  church 
can  in  no  other  way  be  more  fundamentally  served  than 
by  providing  a  still  better  training  for  her  ministers 
and  missionaries.  Charity  for  hospitals  and  almshouses 
is  holy,  Christ-like  work,  but  to  provide  a  better  training 
for  physicians  and  economists,  teaches  the  world  to 
see  and  shun  the  causes  of  sickness  and  poverty. 
Sympathy  must  always  tenderly  help  the  feeblest  and 
even  the  defective  classes,  but  to  help  the  strongest  in 
the  struggle  for  existence,  is  to  help  not  them  alone, 
but  all  others  within  their  influence. 

Of  all  the  many  ways  of  supporting  the  higher  ed- 
ucation, individual  aid  to  deserving  and  meritorious 
students  is  one  of  the  most  approved.  In  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leipzic,  e.  g.,  four  hundred  and  seven  dis- 
tinct funds  can  aid  eight  hundred  and  forty-nine 
students.  Of  these  funds  the  oldest  was  established 
in  1325,  and  they  are  increasing  in  number,  more  new 
ones  having  been  given  between  1880  and  1885  tnan 
in  any  entire  decade  before.  In  size  they  range  from 
thirty-five  thousand  to  fifty  dollars,  in  Berlin  from  one 
hundred  and  forty  thousand  to  one  of  less  than  forty 
dollars.  In  cases  where  conditions  are  specified  the 
most  frequent  limitation  is  to  students  from  a  certain 
locality  and  next  to  those  of  a  certain  family.  By  the 
older  founders  students  of  theology  were  more  often 
preferred,  but  the  more  recent  funds  are  for  medicine, 
law,  philology  and  pure  science,  and  a  fund  of  over  two 
hundred  thousand  lately  given  the  University  of  Marburg 
is  for  advanced  students  in  those  sciences  which  un- 


28 


derlie  medicine.  These  funds  are  often  given,  named 
for,  held  and  sometimes  awarded  by  churches  or  their 
pastors,  magistrates,  heads  of  fitting  schools,  boards 
of  education,  representatives  of  prominent  families, 
for  students  of  their  name,  the  donor  himself  or  her- 
self, individual  professors,  etc.,  subject  of  course  to 
satisfying  the  university  examiners.  Many  are  tenable 
for  one,  more  for  three,  and  some  for  five  and  six 
years.  The  funds  must  be  invested  with  pupilary  se- 
curity, and  with  interest  commonly  less  than  four  per 
cent.  In  Cambridge  and  Oxford  provision  is  made 
for  nearly  1,000  fellows  and  eight  hundred  scholars, 
not  to  mention  the  exhibitions  at  Oxford.  The  fellowships 
are  more  lucrative  and  are  designed  for  more  advanced 
men  than  are  provided  for  in  the  German  universities, 
the  fellows  aiding  the  master  in  internal  administration. 
In  England,  besides  the  religious  and  other  founders, 
as  in  Germany,  the  great  historic  industrial  and  mer- 
cantile corporations  provide  many  of  the  fellowships 
and  scholarships,  particularly  those  of  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  and  they  are  granted  by 
bishops,  curates,  heads  of  business  corporations,  mas- 
ters of  the  great  schools,  heads  or  fellows  of  colleges. 
In  France,  where  these  foundations  were  swept  away 
by  the  revolution,  stipends  and  bursaries  are  provided 
annually  by  the  Government.  New  appropriations 
for  the  most  advanced  students  of  all  was  the  secret 
of  the  remarkable  Ecole  Pratique  des  Hautes  Etudes, 
founded  in  1868,  of  which  a  recent  report  just  printed 
for  the  Exposition  says,  condensing  its  substance,  that 
its  purpose  has  always  been  to  foster  scientific  zeal 
with  no  shade  of  temporal  interest,  that  it  restored 
the  almost  obliterated  idea  of  higher  education,  gave 
unity  to  scientific  interests  throughout   France,    and 


29 


made  her  feel  the  scholarly  desiderata  of  the  age, 
made  young  professors  not  only  well  instructed,  but 
trained  in  good  methods,  that  although  its  profound 
researches  are  not  manifest  to  the  public,  has  given  a 
more  scientific  character  to  all  the  faculties,  and  ren- 
dered a  service  to  the  state  out  of  all  proportion  to  its 
cost.  In  France  individuals  co-operate  with  the  state 
in  this  work. 

Has  there  ever  been  devised  a  form  of  memorial  to 
and  bearing  the  names  of  husbands,  wives,  children 
or  parents,  by  which  even  the  smallest  funds  could  be 
bestowed  in  a  way  more  lastingly  expressive  of  the 
individuality,  spirit  and  the  special  lines  of  interest  of 
the  donor,  more  worthy  the  dead  and  more  helpful  to 
the  highest  ends  of  life  ?  Since  the  first  endowment 
of  research  in  the  Athenian  Porch  and  Grove,  thou- 
sands and  thousands  of  donations  of  this  sort  have 
borne  tangible  witness  to  the  sentiment  so  often  and 
vividly  taught  by  Plato  that  in  all  the  world  there  is  no 
object  more  worthy  of  reverence,  love  and  service 
than  eugenic,  eupeptic,  well-bred,  gifted  young  men, 
for  in  them  is  the  hope  of  the  world. 

The  more  advanced  our  standards  are  to  be,  the 
fewer  will  be  our  students,  and  the  more  expensive 
their  needed  outfit  of  books  and  apparatus.  If  we 
divide  our  running  expenses  only  by  the  number  of 
students  our  present  fellowships  and  scholarships  allow 
us  to  receive  out  of  our  two  hundred  and  fifty  appli- 
cants, the  amount  we  spent  per  student,  the  first  year, 
will  probably  be  without  a  parallel.  Besides  this,  for  a 
number  of  students  with  important  researches  on  hand 
we  are  expending  hundreds  of  dollars  each  for  their 
individual  needs,  and  should  be  glad  to  do  so  for  more 
as  good  men.     The  best  students  very  often  graduate 


30 


with  empty  pockets,  but  with  their  zeal  and  power  at 
its  best,  and  when  an  extra  year  or  two  would  make  a 
great  difference  in  their  entire  career.  Also,  as  the 
field  of  knowledge  grows  more  complex,  the  economy 
of  energy  needed  for  concentration  is  impossible  with- 
out the  leisure  secured  by  comfortable  support. 

Connected  with  all  the  protection,  exemptions  and 
privileges  so  dearly  prized  and  tenaciously  clung  to  by 
the  mediaeval  universities,  there  have  always  been  dan- 
gers sometimes  grave  and  not  yet  entirely  obviated. 
The  new  charity  is  often  popularly  called  a  science 
as  well  as  a  virtue.  Its  axiom  is  that  no  man  has  a 
right  to  give  doles  to  beggars  without  satisfying  him- 
self personally  or  through  some  agency  to  that  end 
that  his  gift  will  do  good  and  not  harm  to  the  recipi- 
ent. History,  and  I  may  add  personal  observation, 
shows  that  the  same  general  law  holds  true  to  some 
extent  in  universities.  I  believe  they  should  not  award 
fellowships  to  men  fresh  from  college  (save  in  the  very 
rarest  cases) ,  unless  they  are  able  to  guide  and  direct 
as  well  as  to  follow  their  woi*k  in  every  detail.  A  fel- 
low should  be  encouraged  and  stimulated  by  a  daily 
and  familiar  intercourse  with  the  professors.  His 
methods,  reading  and  researches  should  be  kept  at 
their  best  and  the  entire  resources  of  the  institution 
should  be  a  soil  for  his  most  rapid  and  helpful  growth. 
Students  thus  served,  even  if  their  gratitude  does  not 
prompt  them,  as  in  some  late  instances  in  Germany,  to 
study,  revive  and  try  to  conform  with  piety  to  the  ideal 
of  ancient  and  almost  forgotten  donors,  whose  pro- 
visions they  enjoyed,  will  not  be  lacking  in  apprecia- 
tion. To  appoint  a  man  to  use  such  funds  in  electing 
among  undergraduate  courses,  or  to  take  his  chances 
among  the  confusing  multifarious  subjects  offered  in 


31 


foreign  institutions  is,  I  believe,  in  most  cases  of  small 
utility,  and  in  some  cases  that  I  know,  positively- 
harmful.  May  the  methods  of  exclusion  we  are 
studying  be  so  effective  that  neither  our  precious 
funds  nor  the  precious  energy  of  our  instructors  be 
wasted  upon  the  idle,  stupid  or  unworthy  students, 
now  too  often  exposed  in  vain  for  four  years  to  the 
contagion  of  knowledge. 

"  Education  used  to  be  a  question  for  ladies  and 
for  schoolmasters,"  said  a  French  statesman  last  spring, 
but  it  is  now  not  only  a  question  of  state  on  which  the 
support  of  all  great  institutions  depends,  but  the  great 
question  into  which  all  others  issue  if  profoundly 
discussed  or  studied.  So  greatly  do  republics  need 
the  whole  power  of  education,  and  so  serious  is  their 
struggle  for  existence  against  ignorance  and  its  attend- 
ant evils,  that  it  has  well  been  said  that  the  problem 
whether  this  form  of  government  be  permanent  is  at 
bottom  a  question  or  education.  But  monarchies  are 
no  less  dependent  upon  the  education  of  their  leaders 
and  servants.  In  his  faiftous  address  declaring  that  if 
Germany  was  ever  to  be  free  and  strong,  it  must  be  by 
becoming  the  chief  educational  state  of  Europe,  must 
realize  the  platonic  republic  in  which  the  education  of 
its  youth  was  the  highest  care  of  the  rulers,  Fichte  laid 
down  the  policy  which  has  been  one  of  the  chief 
causes  of  the  wonderful  development  of  that  country. 
Moreover,  evolution,  which  shows  that  even  life  itself  is 
but  the  education  of  protoplasm,  cells  and  tissues,  that 
the  play-instinct  in  children  and  the  love  of  culture  in 
adults,  not  only  measure  the  superfluous  individ- 
ual energy  over  and  above  that  required  by  the  pro- 
cesses necessary  to  life,  but  are  perhaps  largely  the  same, 
also  makes  it  plain  that  the  hunger  for  more  and  larger 


32 


education  of  life  is  but  the  struggle  of  talent  to  the  full 
maturity  and  leadership  which  is  its  right. 

For  myself  I  have  no  stronger  wish  or  resolve  than 
that  in  the  peculiarly  arduous  labors  I  expect,  I  may 
never  forget  that  this  institution  should  be  a  means  ta 
these  high  purposes  and  not  degenerate  to  an  end  in 
itself :  and  may  it  be  as  true  of  our  graduates  to  re- 
motest time,  as  it  is  of  us  in  a  unique  way  and  degree 
to-day,  that  we  could  not  love  Clark  University  so 
much,  loved  we  not  science  and  education  more. 


Senator  George  F.  Hoar  then  made  the  following 
address : 

An  occasion  so  interesting  as  the  opening  of  a 
university  ought  not  to  pass  by  without  some  word  of 
public  gratitude  for  the  munificence  that  has  founded 
it,  some  utterance  of  gratulation  and  good  cheer  for 
him  who  takes  up  the  heavy  burden  of  its  administra- 
tion, and  some  statement*  of  the  beliefs,  hopes 
and  conditions,  under  which  this  community  welcomes 
it,  and  is  willing  to  adopt  it  among  its  governing 
forces,  to  hold  out  a  reasonable  assurance  of 
its  support.  When  the  purpose  of  Mr.  Clark  was  first 
announced  there  were  many  people  who  thought  it 
would  have  been  better  to  enlarge  the  resources  of 
some  existing  college.  But,  as  his  plans  have  gradually 
unfolded,  such  critics  have  become  satisfied,  not  only 
that  this  university  can  do  its  work  without  jar  or  fric- 
tion with  any  other,  but  that  the  time  has  come  when 
a  work  should  be  done  in .  this  country  which  it  may 
not  be  wholly  convenient  for  any  other  just  now  to  un- 
dertake. 


33 


It  would  be  hard  to  state  too  strongly  the  title  to 
public  gratitude  of  a  man  who,  after  a  life  of  extraordi- 
nary success  in  great  business  transactions,  devotes  the 
large  fruits  of  that  success  to  the  benefit  of  his  fellow 
men,  even  if  that  were  all.  Such  benefactions,  though 
hardly  ever  on  so  large  a  scale,  are  not  unusual  in  this 
country.  They  seem  in  our  day  to  be  the  congenial 
product  of  the  American  spirit. 

Kal  olde  juev  irpoorjuovrog  ry  iroT^ei  roroiSe  e")  ivovro. 

But  certainly  of  all  gifts  for  public  objects  there  is 
none  so  delightful  to  contemplate  as  the  foundation  of 
a  college.  With  rare  exceptions  it  is  the  safest  and 
surest  of  all  endowments.  There  may  have  been  a 
few  obscure  cases  where  an  endowed  institution  of 
learning  has  perished  from  the  loss  of  its  funds.  But 
they  are  almost  unknown.  These  places  become  the 
hallowed  spots  in  the  eyes  of  nations,  like  the  scenes 
of  famous  battles,  or  the  places  where  the  foundations 
of  great  states  have  been  laid,  or  where  great  civic 
scenes  have  occurred,  or  the  dwelling  places  or  burial 
places  of  heroes  or  statesmen.  Pilgrims  from  afar 
visit  them.  Foreign  war  spares  them.  They  survive 
all  changes  of  constitution  or  dynasty.  International 
law  throws  its  protection  about  them.  In  the  bloodiest 
and  angriest  civil  strifes  men 

"  Lift  not  their  spears  against  the  Muses'  bower." 

Their  pupils,  scattered  over  the  country,  retain  an 
attachment  for  them  and  for  each  other,  which  is .  to 
the  college  like  a  coat  of  chain  armor,  and  which  is 
one  of  the  strongest  bonds  of  the  national  life  itself. 

It  is  curious  to  see  the  dates  of  the  endowment  of 
the  ten  great  schools  of  England ;  Eton,  1440 ; 
Winchester,    1380;    Westminster,    1560;    St.    Paul's, 


34 


1500;  Merchants  Taylors',  1560;  Charter  House, 
1 6 1 1  ;  Harrow,  1 5  7 1  ;  Rugby,  1567;  Shrewsbury, 
1549  ;  Christ's,  1552.  At  Winchester, William  ofWyke- 
ham,  founded  in  1380,  a  school  which  still  stands,  and 
has  remained  through  six  dynasties.  Hanover,  Stuart, 
Tudor,  York,  Lancaster,  Plantagenet,  have  successfully 
struggled  for  and  occupied  the  English  throne,  while  in 
the  building  which  Wykeham  in  his  lifetime  planned 
and  built,  the  scholars  of  Winchester  are  still  governed 
by  the  statutes  which  he  framed.  The  origin  of  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  as  of  many  of  the  universities  of  the 
continent,  is  lost  in  the  darkness  of  antiquity. 

But  I  find  an  especial  sublimity  in  the  purpose  of 
the  founder  which  gives  this  institution  its  distinctive 
peculiarity,  certainly  among  American  institutions  of 
learning.  It  seems  to  me  very  remarkable  that  a  man 
whose  own  training  and  life,  whose  own  disciplines  and 
successes  have  been  among  what  are  called  practical 
affairs,  who  in  early  life  had  so  well  known  the  need 
of  the  strict  economies  in  which  our  fathers  in  New 
England  brought  up  their  children,  should  have  con- 
ceived the  plan  of  endowing  an  institution  where  the 
study  of  science  for  its  own  sake,  as  an  end,  and  not 
as  an  instrument,  should  be  the  leading  object ;  that 
he  should  have  called  into  its  service  eminent  scholars 
whose  chief  occupation  is  to  be  research  rather  than 
teaching ;  and  should  have  understood  so  perfectly  that 
while  waste  and  extravagance  in  the  smallest  things  are 
not  only  wrong  but  criminal,  the  costliest  man  or 
equipment  is  often  the  cheapest,  so  the  highest  excel- 
ence  cannot  otherwise  be  attained. 

Those  of  us  who  have  had  any  part  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  this  undertaking  well  know  that  the  man  who 
founded  it  is  still  the  wisest  of  its  administrators.     This 


35 


whole  people  will  join  with  them  in  the  prayer  that  his 
life  may  be  long  spared  to  witness  the  growth  of  the 
tree  he  has  planted,  and  to  enjoy  the  gratitude  of  the 
youth  whose  lives  he  has  blessed.  As  God  denied 
children  to  Washington  that  his  country  might  call 
him  father,  so,  to  our  founder  shall,  through  remotest 
time,  uncounted  generations  educated  by  his  bounty, 
stand  in  the  place  of  posterity. 

Some  questions  or  doubts  have  arisen  in  friendliest 
quarters  whether  we  may  not  find  elements  of  weakness 
in  certain  portions  of  oifr  design.  It  is  said  that  the 
strength  of  the  American  university  is  its  alumni  •  that 
no  endownment,  however  ample  in  the  beginning,  will 
be  enough  to  meet  the  new  demands  and  great  cost  of 
scientific  education,  or  the  emulations  which  must, 
sooner  or  later,  arise,  without  large  and  constant  addi- 
tion from  the  affection  and  gratitude  of  the  graduates  ; 
and  that,  under  our  system  of  devotion  by  specialists 
to  a  few  special  pursuits,  neither  class  feeling,  which  is 
born  of  community  of  studies,  nor  warmth  of  attach- 
ment to  the  university  as  the  alma  mater  who  has 
opened  the  eyes  of  the  child  to  all  knowledge  and 
beauty  and  truth,  is  likely  to  grow  up. 

It  is  said  that  our  scheme  does  not  include  moral 
or  religious  nurture,  without  which  the  chief  end  and 
purpose  of  all  education  fail. 

It  is  doubted,  also,  whether,  after  all,  science  has 
any  other  proper  function  then  that  of  the  hand  maiden 
of  human  life ;  whether  the  need  of  this  country  be  not 
still  so  great,  both  in  the  development  of  her  vast  re- 
sources, and  in  the  competition  of  her  industries  with 
those  of  other  countries,  of  all  the  aid  which  science 
can  lend  her,  that  it  is  almost  wasteful  to  use  either  the 


36 


brains  of  her  students  or  the  resources  of  her  capital, 
for  any  other  object. 

These  questions  experience  alone  can  finally  answer  ; 
but  we  may  perhaps  say  a  word  about  them  without 
presumption. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  relation  of  classmates  to 
each  other  has  been  a  source  of  strength  to  our  Amer- 
ican colleges.  Youths  of  the  same  age  grow  up  to- 
gether and  pursue  together  the  same  prescribed  studies. 
They  look  back  in  after  life  on  the  same  memories 
and  experience  of  the  goldeh  days  of  boyhood.  But 
that  state  of  things  is  already  changing.  The  elective 
system  and  the  increasing  size  of  the  classes  have 
already  gone  far  to  do  it  away.  It  is  now  almost  un- 
known in  England.  We  hope  to  find  an  ample  substi- 
stute  for  it  in  the  close  and  constant  personal  relation 
between  instructor  and  pupil.  If  we  are  able  to  bring 
here  great  and  shining  lights  of  science,  who  shall  con- 
duct their  pupils  along  the  attractive  paths  of  an  origi-  , 
nal  research,  which  they  are  to  share  and  partake  with 
each  other,  we  have  no  fear  that  our  youth  will  fail  in 
gratitude  and  affection.  The  heart  of  no  pupil  of 
Agassiz  is  likely  to  grow  cold  toward  the  spot  hallowed 
by  the  master's  lessons.  The  thick  warbled  note  of  the 
Attic  bird  never  failed  to  bring  back  the  olive  groves 
of  Academe  to  the  loving  memory  of  the  disciple  of 
Plato. 

Let  no  man  think  that  this  university  is  to  be  indif- 
ferent to  the  moral  or  religious  character  of  her  chil- 
dren. She  will  signally  fail  in  the  judgment  of  those 
who  expect  most  from  her,  if  the  truths  to  be  revealed 
to  those  who  study  here  shall  fail  to  beget  a  spirit  of 
child-like  reverence  in  the  presence  of  the  Author  of 
all  truth,  or  if  "by  the  unlocking  of  the  gates  of  sense, 


37 


and  the  kindling  of  a  greater  natural  light,  anything  of 
incredulity  or  intellectual  night  shall  grow  up  in  their 
minds  toward  divine  mysteries." 

We  do  not  exalt  science  above  faith,  or  intellectual 
attainment  above  moral  character.  The  child  that  has 
learned  to  govern  its  will  by  the  golden  rule,  though  it 
can  scarce  count  its  fingers,  is  higher  in  the  scale  of  be- 
ing than  the  astronomer  who  has  not  learned  that  lesson, 
though  he  know  all  Kepler's  laws  and  have  catalogued 
the  stars.  Our  pupils  will  come  here,  mature  in  years, 
with  characters  largely  formed.  They  will  devote  them- 
selves to,  and  be  absorbed  by,  the  pursuit  of  truth. 
They  will  have  for  guides,  companions,  and  masters 
men  who  will  themselves  be  an  example  and  an  inspir- 
ation to  all  moral  excellence.  There  is  little  danger 
that  the  tares  will  get  into  the  measures  that  are 
already  filled  with  wheat. 

Speaking  now  for  myself  alone,  I  have  little  sym- 
pathy with  that  arrogant  and  disdainful  spirit  with 
which  some  men  who  undertake,  with  little  title,  to 
represent  science  in  this  country,  sneer  at  any  attempt 
to  make  use  of  the  forces  she  reveals  to  us  for  the 
service  of  mankind.  Some  one  said,  the  other  day, 
that  science  was  becoming  a  hod-carrier.  I  do  not 
see  why  the  term  "  hod-carrier "  should  express  the 
relation  rather  than  the  term  "  benefactress."  I  do 
not  see,  either,  that  there  is  anything  degrading  in  the 
thought  that  the  knowledge  of  the  learned  man  enables 
him  to  lift  the  burden,  beneath  which  humanity  is 
bowed  and  bent.  I  do  not  know  that  science  is 
exempt  from  the  divine  law,  "He  that  is  greatest 
among  you,  let  him  be  the  servant  of  all."  If  the 
great  forces  of  the  universe  perform  all  useful  offices 
for  man,  if  the  sunshine  warm  and  light  our  dwellings, 


38 


if  gravitation  move  the  world  and  keep  it  true  to  its 
hour,  nay,  if  it  keep  the  temple  or  cathedral  in  its 
place  when  the  hod-carrier  has  builded  it,  I  do  not  see 
why  it  should  not  lend  its  beneficent  aid  to  him  also. 
Our  illustrious  philosopher  advised  his  countryman  to 
"hitch  his  wagon  to' a  star."  The  star  will  move  no 
less  serenely  on  its  sublime  pathway  when  the  wagon 
is  hitched  to  it.  I  do  not  know  that  any  archangel  or 
goddess,  however  resplendent  the  wings,  has  yet  been 
constructed  or  imagined  without  feet.  I  do  not  know 
that  any  archangel,  however  glorious,  has  ever  been 
created  or  imagined  without  sympathy  for  suffering 
humanity, 

I  look  for  great  advantage  to  the  country,  both  in 
wealth  and  power  and  in  the  comfort  and  moral  im- 
provement of  the  people  by  the  application  of  science 
to  the  useful  arts. 

But  all  this  is  very  different  from  the  hireling  spirit, 
which  loses  all  interest  in  the  revelations  of  divine 
wisdom,  but  for  the  riches  she  displays  in  her  left 
hand ;  all  this  is  very  different  from  requiring  of  the 
investigator  anything  but  the  search  for  absolute  truth. 
Agassiz,  who  had  no  time  to  make  money,  and  who 
knew  the  rich  treasures  of  the  Calumet  and  Hecla 
mine,  without  caring  to  take  advantage  of  them ; 
Henry,  who  knew  the  powers  of  magnetism  years 
before  Morse  came  with  his  harness  for  the  steed,  are 
still  our  best  examples  of  the  servant  and  teacher  of 
science. 

So  may  this  university  of  ours,  modestly,  yet  hope- 
fully, take  its  place  in  that  lofty  company.  It  will  be 
a  base  thing  if  we  let  it  fail.  Massachusetts  in  her 
poverty  and  weakness  created  the  common  school  and 
the   college.     She  will  disdain  to  fall   behind  other 


39 

countries  in  the  higher  education  which  the  new  cen- 
turies require. 


General  Devens  then  called  upon  Rev.  Edward 
Everett  Hale  for  remarks. 

Dr.  Hale,  spoke  briefly  of  the  honor  and  privi- 
lege it  was  to  speak  here.  But  a  short  time  ago  he 
was  present  at  the  quarter  millennium  anniversary 
of  his  college,  and  he  wished  he  might  be  present 
at  the  similar  occasion  in  the  history  of  this  university. 
But  in  place  of  this,  people  could  look  back  among 
the  files  of  the  papers  and  find  his  name  with  those 
who  spoke  at  the  dedication.  He  wished  he  could 
have  foreseen  the  establishment  of  such  an  institution, 
but  he  had  not,  though  he  could  say  that  America 
was  doing  wonderfully  well  for  the  Americans.  It  was 
in  the  education  of  men  that  there  was  a  lack  of  facil- 
ities, especially  in  the  education  of  those  just  out  of 
college.  The  progress  of  an  education  should  not  be 
broken  short  when  a  man  has  just  found  out  what  he 
wants ;  when  he  has  discovered  what  chemistry  is, 
what  the  study  of  physics  implies,  and  so  on.  For 
this  purpose,  it  was  that  Clark  University  has  been 
organized.  He  said  that  he  had  been  to  many 
university  commencements,  but  never  before  had  he 
been  present  at  the  commencement  of  a  university. 
The  country  does  not  know  yet  the  meaning  of  the 
word  university.  Some  think  of  the  city  of  Paris  as  a 
place  where  one  goes  to  spend  money  for  the  opera, 
or  where,  if  they  were  lucky,  they  might  see  a  revolu- 
tion. But  its  great  university  is  the  greatest  thing  in 
Paris.     We  go  into  our  so-called  universities  and  find 


40 


professors  explaining  to  the  boys  the  difference 
between  the  masculine  and  feminine  genders.  In  the 
Paris  University  the  professors  lecture  to  their  equals ; 
in  America  it  ought  to  be  the  same.  He  said  that  he 
was  indebted  to  the  audience  for  their  kindness  in 
listening  to  him,  and  it  was  always  a  pleasure  to  talk  to 
a  Worcester  audience.  He  felt  that  America  ought  to 
be  able  to  teach  Americans  everything.  It  was  true 
though  that  men  like  Agassiz  were  Swiss  and  had 
taught  Americans,  but  he  hoped  that  Clark  University 
might  turn  out  many  like  him,  who  should  give  heart 
and  soul  to  the  work  of  science. 


U.  S.  Minister  John  D.  Washburn,  spoke  as  fol- 
lows : 

He  thought  it  was  worth  while  to  come  four 
thousand  miles  to  mingle  his  hopes  and  aspirations 
with  those  of  his  associates.  If  it  were  merely 
to  express  his  personal  sympathy,  he  would  assume 
that  his  presence  would  be  an  assurance  of  that, 
but  for  the  moment  he  held  something  more  than  a 
personal  relation  to  the  occasion.  He  did  not  assume 
to  criticise  past  methods  or  any  of  the  systems  of  other 
institutions  of  the  present  day.  In  this  departure  re- 
moving themselves  in  the  first  instance  from  rivalry 
with  any,  conciliating  the  good  will  of  all,  he  knew, 
whatever  the  doubter  or  superficial  critic  may  say,  he 
knew  and  testified  before  them  that  they  had  the  sym- 
pathy and  jGod-speed  of  some  of  the  highest  institu- 
tions of  learning  in  the  Old  World  and  many  of  its 
noblest  apostles  in  every  enlightened  country  of 
Europe.     He  believed  that  at  this  stage  in  the  world's 


41 


development  the  plan  here  adopted  was  the  wisest, 
perhaps  the  only  one,  on  which  an  institution  of  ad- 
vanced learning  could  be  framed  and  placed  at  once 
in  the  position  of  doing  the  greatest  possible  amount 
of  good.  The  time  is  approaching  in  our  country 
when  learning  will  be  cherished  for  its  own  sake,  not 
merely  nor  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  early  entrance 
on  the  harvest  of  pecuniary  return,  but  because  it  is 
recognized  as  one  of  the  highest  aims  and  privileges 
in  human  life  to  help  knowledge  grow  to  more  and 
more.  The  hour  has  come,  in  the  fullness  of  time, 
when  the  practical  may,  without  abandoning  its  own 
ground,  freely  ana  generously  make  room  for  the  ideal 
by  its  side.  Of  all  the  high  qualities  essential  to  the 
administration  of  an  institution,  the  highest  and  most 
important  is  that  of  intellectual  courage.  Faithful  to 
ourselves,  and  to  the  noble  founder,  who  this  day 
enters  on  those  higher  than  earthly  rewards,  faithful 
to  the  trust  we  have  accepted  and  to  the  community 
whose  confidence  we  enjoy,  and  for  whom  we  hold 
this  great  blessing  in  trust,  faithful  in  all  things  and 
fearless  as  faithful  we  shall  not  fail. 


The    exercises    closed   with  the    benediction   pro- 
nounced by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Merriman. 


E 

GGT-;     1^30 
/  a  ill 


43 


ACADEMIC    APPOINTMENTS. 


Hall,  G.  Stanley, 

Michael,  Arthur, 
Michelson,  A.JV., 
Seasr,  W.E.,  H<,r 
Whitman,  C.  O.,      1 

Bolza,  Oskar, 
Donaldson,  H.  H., 
Lombard,  W.  P., 
Mall,  F.  P., 
Nef,  John  U., 
Sanford,  E.  C., 

Boas,  Franz, 
Brace,  De  Witt  B., 
Burt,  B.  C, 
Cook,  Alfred, 
Loeb,  Morris, 
MacDonald,  Arthur, 
McMurrich,  J.  P., 
Muthmann,  W., 
Taber,  Henry, 

Albee,  Ernest, 
Benner,  Henry, 
Brown,  E.  N., 
Bumpus,  H.  C, 
Burnham,  W.  H., 


94  Woodland  Street 

34  May  Street 

96  Woodland  Street 

14  May  Street 

936  Main  Street 

978  Main  Street 
873  Main  Street 
17  Hammond  Street 
862  Main  Street 
939  Main  Street 
21  Oread  Place 

210  Beacon  Street 

80  Woodand  Street 

978  Main  Street 

9  Maywood  Street 

77  Piedmont  Street 
881  Main  Street 

28  Woodland  Street 

1  Agawam  Street 
978  Main  Street 

862  1-2  Main  Street 


44 


Cardwell,  J.  C, 

i  Agawam  Street 

Clark,  Thomas  H., 

14  Lancaster  Street 

Cravens,  L.  P., 

Durand,  W.  F., 

978  Main  Street 

Fulcomer,  Daniel, 

84  Woodland  Street 

Harrington,  G.  D. 

5  Ripley  Place 

Harris,  Rollin  A., 

1018  Main  Street 

Hodge,  C.  F., 

3  Lowell  Street 

Maisch,  H.  C.  C, 

14  Crystal  Street 

Marsh,  Chas.  W., 

70  Florence  Street 

Mayer,  A.  G., 

9  Shirley  Street 

McAdie,  Alexander, 

7  Shirley  Street 

McCulloch,  J.  F., 

8  Gates  Street 

Metzler,  W.  H., 

428  Park  Avenue 

Miller,  Dickinson  S., 

7  Shirley  Street 

Nichols,  Herbert, 

70  Florence  Street 

Orr,  C.  A., 

Papcke,  V., 

14  Crystal  Street 

Ried,  Camille, 

84  Woodland  Street 

Stieglitz,  Julius, 

Swartz,  Chas.  K., 

3  Lowell  Street 

Tuckermann,  F., 

64  William  Street 

Wadsworth,  F.  L.  0., 

6  Castle  Street 

Warner,  A.  J., 

6  Hancock  Street 

Watts,  Oliver  P., 

9  Lagrange  Street 

Williams,  J.  F., 

70  Florence  Street 

Wilson,  Louis  N., 

1 1  Shirley  Street 

Young,  J.  W.  A., 

29  Benefit  Street 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


3  0112111481963 


